Database monitoring is the continuous tracking of a database's health, performance, and resource consumption, covering metrics like query latency, throughput, connections, and replication lag. In the AI era, it has expanded to include a fifth dimension: spend. Modern teams monitor not just whether the database is fast, but whether the workload it serves is worth what it costs to run. In May 2025, an engineer named Bohan Zhang stood up at PGConf.dev in Montreal and broke every scaling rule in the book.